90% of the goods moving around the globe are transported via sea routes, with the majority being shipped in containers. Over time, these units have adhered to international regulations governing dimensions, maximum weight and volume capacity, identification, and security standards. This article highlights key regulatory aspects of shipping containers.
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Who is primarily accountable for the regulation of shipping containers?
The responsibility for the regulation of shipping containers at a global level is borne by various entities.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations headquartered in London, and responsible for regulating shipping. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) is one of the main committees of the IMO, and it plays a crucial role in the development of international regulations and standards, including security related to containers.
The Bureau of International Containers (BIC)
The Bureau of International Containers (BIC) wields significant influence in the container industry. Established in 1933, this non-governmental and non-profit organization serves as a nexus for all stakeholders involved in containerization and intermodal transport. Operating under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce, the BIC’s primary objective is to advocate for the safe, secure, and sustainable expansion of containerization and intermodal transport. Key functions of the BIC include:
- Establishing and maintaining standardized codes for container identification (BIC codes), sizes, and types.
- Advocating for the harmonization of regulations and best practices related to container transport across different countries and modes of transport.
- Providing industry data and information on container movements, trends, and statistics.
- Facilitating collaboration among various stakeholders in the container industry, including manufacturers, operators, terminals, and authorities.
- Promoting sustainable practices in container transportation, with a focus on reducing environmental impact and energy consumption.
What are the ISO standards for shipping containers?
ISO standards contribute to the secure, efficient, and reliable transport of goods in shipping containers. They define key aspects like identification, structural integrity, handling procedures, and performance expectations, ensuring smooth and secure freight container movement across the globe.
ISO 668: Classification, dimensions and ratings
This standard defines the sizes and weight capacities of the most commonly used containers. It classifies containers into several series, with Series 1 being the most frequently employed for dry cargo. For these containers, it establishes the nominal lengths (20-foot and 40-foot containers), widths (8 feet), and heights (8 feet 6 inches for 20-foot and 40-foot, and 9 feet 6 inches for high cube containers) of standard Series 1 containers.
Additionally, it specifies the maximum gross weight (24 tons for 20-foot, 30 tons for 40-foot) that containers can safely carry.
ISO 1496: Specification and testing
The ISO 1496 standard comprises multiple parts, each focusing on specific aspects of container construction, testing, and performance. It covers general-purpose containers (Part 1), specialized types like thermal containers (Part 2), and tank containers (Part 3).
Specific purpose types, such as closed or ventilated, are included. Although it doesn’t replace ISO 668 for dry cargo containers, ISO 1496 may offer additional dimensional details for specialized types. Key aspects addressed include material specifications, structural requirements, stacking capabilities, leak-proofness, and performance in various environmental conditions.
ISO 6346: coding, identification and marking
This standard defines the coding system used to uniquely identify shipping containers. Known as the BIC code, this consists of four letters and helps track containers throughout their journeys.
Additionally, the ISO 6346 norm specifies requirements for marking containers with essential information like the owner code, serial number, maximum gross weight, and tare weight.
ISO 1161: Corner fittings
This standard sets out the specifications for corner fittings used on shipping containers. These fittings are crucial for securely lifting, stacking, and handling containers during transport. It defines the dimensions, strength, and performance requirements for different types of corner fittings, ensuring container compatibility and safe handling across various operations.
ISO 3874: Handling and securing
This standard focuses on the safe handling and securing of shipping containers. It prescribes methods for lifting, transporting, and stacking containers to avoid damage and ensure stability during different handling phases. It also addresses considerations for specific loading scenarios, container types, and potential hazards, promoting secure and efficient container handling practices.
What are the applicable rules regarding container safety?
It’s a key aspect of the realm of containers, as it extends beyond the cargo to encompass the well-being of seafarers, the vessel and its equipment, the port infrastructure and staff, as well as the other vessels at sea. Multiple regulations have been instituted to provide a uniform international security framework.
The International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC)
The International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), established in 1972 by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), sets minimum standards for shipping container construction and testing. Its main goal is to ensure global well-being in container transport, covering structural strength, secure closure, and proper identification markings.
The CSC applies to all new and existing containers used in international ocean transport. This contract mandates standardized testing for new containers, regular inspections, and incident reporting for corrective actions. Countries ratifying the CSC have significantly improved maritime safety and environmental protection through national legislation and enforcement, supported by technical assistance from the IMO.
The IMDG Code for dangerous goods
When transporting hazardous materials at sea, strict adherence to guidelines is vital. These guidelines are encapsulated in the IMDG Code, formerly the “IMCO Code,” reflecting the transition from the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) to the current International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1969.
The IMDG Code, merged with the INF Code in 2010, addresses the cautious carriage of dangerous goods. Additionally, Chapter VII of the SOLAS Convention provides specific regulations for the good sea transport of hazardous materials. Since its adoption in 1974, SOLAS has undergone regular updates by the IMO to incorporate technological advancements and tackle emerging challenges, serving as a crucial tool for safeguarding lives and the marine environment.
The Customs Convention on Containers
Also referred to as the Geneva Convention, the Customs Convention on Containers aims to streamline global trade by simplifying customs procedures for containerized goods. It enables the international transport of cargo in sealed containers without the need for repeated customs inspections at each border crossing. Avoiding seal breaking and content inspection at every transit country saves time and money for all parties involved.
An initial version, signed by more than 70 countries in 1956, implementing international customs procedures and documentation, setting duty and tax-free temporary admission of containers for up to 3 months. The 1972 version offered further refinement and adaptation to enhance cross-border movements.
Signed by more than 50 countries, mainly in Europe, it includes provisions for container leasing and combined transport operations. The 1972 one has itself been further superseded by the Customs Convention on the International Harmonized System of Names and Designations of Goods and the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures.
The United States specific regulations
In the U.S., containerized freight is subject to complex regulations overseen by various agencies. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) oversees Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the Container Security Initiative (CSI). CBP enforces regulations on containerized goods, covering inspections, documentation, and security measures, utilizing Harmonized System (HS) codes. CSI, initiated post-9/11, focuses on pre-screening high-risk containers in partnership with foreign governments. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), part of DHS, investigates and prosecutes crimes related to containerized cargo, such as drug trafficking and human smuggling.
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) ensures port and waterway safety, inspecting container ships and enforcing international safety regulations like SOLAS and IMDG Code. USCG, along with CBP, conducts Container Weight Verification (CVW) to ensure accurate weight declarations for ship stability.
The Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulates the import and export of agricultural products, enforcing phytosanitary requirements for container transport. For harmful substance transport, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees compliance with international agreements like MARPOL.
What are the standards for offshore containers?
Offshore containers, designed for challenging marine environments, serve the transportation needs of equipment and materials to and from offshore structures such as oil rigs and wind farms. Distinct from regular shipping containers, these specialized units, available for rent or purchase, are built to withstand harsh offshore conditions. They feature thicker steel walls, reinforced corners, and corrosion-resistant coatings for durability against winds, waves, salt spray, extreme temperatures, and impacts.
Security features like locking mechanisms and seals prevent unauthorized access, while practical elements such as forklift pockets and lashing points facilitate easy loading and unloading in challenging conditions. Offshore containers come in various types tailored to specific needs, including open-top, refrigerated, and workshop containers.
Certification by international organizations like DNV, specifically the DNV 2.7-1 standard, is crucial for meeting safety and quality requirements. This certification ensures the units’ suitability for the demanding offshore environment, covering aspects like material quality, structural strength, stability, watertightness, lifting points, and clear labeling of container information.
Choosing a DNV 2.7-1 certified container is essential for worker safety, equipment protection, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance.
Certified containers are less likely to fail, reducing accidents, lowering the risk of equipment damage, improving operational efficiency, and ensuring regulatory compliance. In summary, certified offshore containers provide secure and efficient transportation for essential equipment and materials, offering peace of mind to maritime companies, their personnel, and regulatory authorities.
FAQ about Container Regulations
The regulation of shipping containers globally involves various entities.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Bureau of International Containers (BIC) play pivotal roles in establishing and advocating for international standards.
Key ISO standards for shipping containers include ISO 668 (Classification, Dimensions, and Ratings), ISO 1496 (Specification and Testing), ISO 6346 (Coding, Identification, and Marking), ISO 1161 (Corner Fittings), and ISO 3874 (Handling and Securing).
The CSC, established by the IMO in 1972, sets minimum standards for shipping container construction and testing. It aims to ensure global safety in container transport by covering structural strength, secure closure, and proper identification markings.
In the U.S., containerized freight is subject to complex regulations overseen by various agencies, including the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and the Container Security Initiative (CSI).
These regulations cover inspections, documentation, and security measures, ensuring compliance with international standards.
